Peritoneal mesothelioma can be defined as the proliferation of cancer cells that develop in the peritoneum, the thin tissue layer that lines the abdominal cavity and protects the organs within it. This type of mesothelioma is quite rare and an aggressive form and is distinct from its more common counterpart, pleural mesothelioma, which affects the lining of the lungs. Peritoneal mesothelioma is primarily associated with asbestos exposure, although its symptoms often mimic those of other abdominal conditions, making accurate diagnosis and timely treatment a significant challenge. 

Despite its rarity, understanding the causes, risk factors, symptoms, and available treatment options for peritoneal mesothelioma is essential for patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals alike. Early diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment plan help improve the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with peritoneal mesothelioma. It's important to work closely with a healthcare team experienced in treating this rare cancer to determine the best course of action.

Also Read: Mesothelioma: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

Causes

Exposure to asbestos fibres is the leading cause of peritoneal mesothelioma. Asbestos exposure can occur through inhalation or ingestion of asbestos particles, which can then migrate to the peritoneal cavity. Over time, these fibres can cause inflammation and cellular damage, leading to the development of cancerous cells.

 Also Read: Lung Cancer: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

Risk Factors

The primary risk factor for peritoneal mesothelioma is exposure to a carcinogen known as asbestos. Individuals at higher risk include those who have worked in industries where asbestos exposure is common, such as construction, mining, manufacturing, and shipbuilding. Secondary exposure to asbestos through close contact with someone who worked with asbestos can also increase the risk.

Symptoms

The characteristic symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma can be vague and nonspecific, often resembling other abdominal conditions. Common symptoms include:

• Abdominal pain or swelling
• Unexplained weight loss
• Changes in bowel habits
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites)

Diagnosis

Diagnosing peritoneal mesothelioma can be challenging due to its rarity and similarity to other abdominal conditions. On noticing the aforementioned indications, consult a doctor as soon as possible. The doctor usually acknowledges the patient’s medical history and conducts a detailed physical examination to assess symptoms and potential risk factors. Other diagnostics conducted to affirm the presence of malignant cells include:

Imaging Tests: Imaging techniques like CT scans, MRI, and PET scans help visualize the extent of the tumour and its location.

Biopsy: A tissue sample is obtained through a biopsy to confirm the presence of mesothelioma cells and determine the specific subtype.

Cytology: Fluid samples from the abdomen (ascitic fluid) can be examined for cancer cells under a microscope.

Blood Tests: Blood tests like MESOMARK can help detect certain biomarkers associated with mesothelioma.

Treatment 

The prognosis for peritoneal mesothelioma varies based on factors such as the stage of the disease, overall health, and the effectiveness of treatment. The prognosis for peritoneal mesothelioma tends to be slightly better than that for pleural mesothelioma (which affects the lining of the lungs), partly due to the localized nature of the tumour within the abdominal cavity. Treatment for peritoneal mesothelioma often involves a multidisciplinary approach, tailored to the individual's condition and preferences. Treatment options include:

Surgery: The purpose of cytoreductive surgery is to remove as much of the cancer as feasible. HIPEC (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy) is a surgical procedure that delivers heated chemotherapy straight to the abdomen.

Chemotherapy: Systemic or intraperitoneal chemotherapy can help control the growth of cancer cells and manage symptoms.

Radiation Therapy: Targeted radiation therapy may be used to shrink tumours and alleviate symptoms.

Immunotherapy: Emerging treatments like immunotherapy drugs are being studied to stimulate the immune system's response against cancer cells.

Clinical Trials: Participation in clinical trials can provide access to innovative treatments and therapies.