Metaplastic Breast cancer (MBC) is a complex and enigmatic form of breast cancer, where the proliferation of cancer cells usually ensues in the milk ducts and lobules of the breast tissue. However, what sets MBC apart is its unique characteristics on a cellular and molecular level.
In MBC, the cancerous cells in the breast tissue undergo a transformation, acquiring characteristics of various cell types (metaplasia). These cells can resemble different types of tissues, such as squamous cells (skin-like cells), spindle cells (connective tissue-like cells), or even bone-like cells. This variety of cell types within the tumor is what defines it as "metaplastic."
As we immerse ourselves in Breast Cancer Awareness Month, let us draw your attention and explore the causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options of the lesser-known and intricately complex type of Breast Cancer known as Metaplastic Breast Cancer (MBC).
Also Read: Breast Cancer Awareness Month 2022: Breast Self-Exam. The Step-By-Step Guide And Tips
Causes
The precise cause of Metaplastic Breast Cancer remains unknown, much like many other forms of breast cancer. However, it is believed to originate from mutations in the DNA of breast cells, leading to uncontrolled growth and the formation of abnormal cells with distinct characteristics. These abnormal cells later coagulate to form tumourous structures.
Risk Factors
Several risk factors may increase the chances of developing Metaplastic Breast Cancer, including:
Age: MBC is more commonly diagnosed in women over the age of 50, though it can occur at any age.
Gender: While exceedingly rare, MBC can also affect men.
Genetics: In some cases, individuals with a family history of breast cancer or specific genetic mutations have an increased risk of MBC.
Radiation Exposure: Previous exposure to chest radiation, such as for other medical conditions, may slightly elevate the risk.
Hormonal Factors: MBC is typically negative for hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone) and HER2 receptors, making it less responsive to hormone therapies.
Symptoms
Metaplastic Breast Cancer may present with a range of symptoms, which can include:
- Formation of a breast lump
- Swollen, red or inflamed breast tissue
- Dimpling or puckering of the breast skin
- Inverted nipple
- Discharge from the nipple
- Discomfort or pain in the breast
Diagnosis And Treatment
If you detect any of the above-mentioned indications, seek care from a specialized doctor experienced in treating rare breast cancers. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life. Diagnosing Metaplastic Breast Cancer involves various medical assessments:
Clinical Examination: The doctor usually examines the breast, looking for lumps, skin changes, or other abnormalities.
Imaging Tests: Mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRI scans help determine the size and location of the tumor.
Biopsy: A tissue sample (biopsy) is taken from the breast and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells and determine the type of breast cancer.
Staging: Further tests, such as CT scans or bone scans, may be performed to assess if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Treatment
Metaplastic Breast Cancer presents a unique challenge due to its rarity and resistance to traditional hormone-based treatments. Therefore, a personalized treatment approach is essential, guided by the tumor's specific characteristics and the patient's overall health. The available treatment options for Metaplastic Breast Cancer typically involve a combination of therapies:
Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor is often the first step. Depending on the tumor's size and location, a lumpectomy or mastectomy may be recommended.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is usually administered before or after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy may follow surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Targeted Therapy: In some cases, targeted therapies or clinical trials may be considered, depending on the tumor's specific characteristics.
Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy is generally not effective for MBC since it typically lacks hormone receptors.
