When China was finally recovering from the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic that surfaced at the beginning of 2020, it was reportedly battling an upsurge in the cases of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreak, yet again raising severe worries.
The healthcare system of the nation is once again under the limelight as a surge of pneumonia cases sweeps the country, particularly affecting children. The unexpected surge in unwell children, combined with a study indicating broad clusters of unidentified respiratory ailments, prompted the World Health Organisation to request more information to alleviate fears that a novel virus, such as Covid-19, caused the outbreaks.
Also Read: Pneumonia: Know About The Types And The Various Treatment Options
In a statement issued on November 23, 2023, WHO revealed China's National Health Commission's (NHC) report on the rise in respiratory illness incidences. According to the report, the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions triggered the circulation of known pathogens such as mycoplasma pneumonia, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 were attributed to this increase.
However, a spike in hospitalizations of children since May, particularly in northern locations like Beijing, is primarily attributable to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. These bacteria attack the lungs and give rise to Childhood pneumonia.
So, What Exactly Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumonia, a.k.a mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), is atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It's a common respiratory infection that affects all ages, particularly children, adolescents, and young adults.
It is a common cause of 'walking pneumonia' in children, a mild version of the disease that does not require hospitalization but is wreaking havoc on children in China this year. However, it can still lead to complications if left untreated.
What Causes Mycoplasma Pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the bacterium responsible for causing Mycoplasma pneumonia, is a unique pathogen because it lacks a cell wall. This attribute makes it resistant to many common antibiotics targeting bacterial cell walls, allowing the bacterium to evade the body's immune responses.
The bacterium spreads through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with respiratory secretions from an infected individual or indirectly through contaminated surfaces or objects.
What Are The Risk Factors Of Mycoplasma Pneumonia?
Some of the causative factors of Mycoplasma Pneumonia include:
Age Group: Adolescents, young adults, and children are more susceptible to MPP.
Weakened Immune System: Individuals with weakened body resistance due to illness or certain medications are at higher risk.
Close Contact: Being near an infected person who coughs or sneezes, dispersing the bacteria into the air.
Crowded Environments: There are higher chances of transmission in crowded or enclosed spaces, such as schools, dormitories, or prisons.
Weakened Immunity: People with compromised immune systems or underlying health conditions are more susceptible to severe infections.
Seasonal Prevalence: Infections can occur year-round, but higher incidences are often seen in late summer and early fall.
What Are The Symptoms Of Mycoplasma Pneumonia?
Common characteristic symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumonia include:
- Persistent cough
- Fever and chills
- Fatigue and weakness
- Sore throat
- Chest pain, especially when coughing
- Shortness of breath
- Headache and body aches
How Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia Diagnosed?
Diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The process typically includes:
Medical History and Physical Examination:
A healthcare provider will inquire about symptoms and conduct a physical examination, focusing on respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.
Laboratory Tests:
Molecular Tests (PCR): Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on respiratory secretions (throat swab, sputum, or nasopharyngeal aspirate) can detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA.
Serology: Blood tests to detect antibodies (IgM and IgG) against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A rise in antibody levels in paired serum samples may indicate a recent infection.
Chest X-ray or Imaging:
Chest X-ray: Used to visualize lung abnormalities, such as patchy infiltrates or consolidations, commonly seen in pneumonia. However, findings may not be specific to Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.
Other Tests:
Additional tests may be conducted to rule out other causes of pneumonia or complications, especially in severe or atypical cases.
How Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia Treated?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is typically treated with antibiotics, although it's important to note that it can resist certain antibiotics. Treatment and management strategies include:
Antibiotics: Macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin or erythromycin are commonly prescribed to treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Antibiotics are usually prescribed for a specific duration, typically around 7-14 days, depending on the severity of symptoms and the individual's response to treatment.
Hospitalization: Severe cases or complications may require hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics or supportive care.
Supportive Care: Adequate rest and staying hydrated can aid in recovery, while over-the-counter pain relievers can help reduce fever and discomfort. Adding cough suppressants or expectorants might be recommended to manage cough symptoms.
Routine Follow-Up: Patients should continue monitoring their symptoms; if symptoms persist or worsen, it's essential to seek medical advice promptly.
